4. Organizing research with note cards
The “Note Card System” can be very useful
when it comes to organizing information for a term paper or even a short two or three page paper.
By using this system, you create note cards from blank 3×5 or 5×7 index cards that you fill with information pertinent to the subject that you are researching. The organization of the information can readily be adapted to use with word processing…
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In the upper left corner of the card, “code” the topic of your paper, and where in the outline it may fall
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In the upper right corner, place the author’s name and/or title and page number
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In the body of the card, enter one single fact or thought you’d like to include in your paper
Make sure the information is expressed in your own words,
unless it is a quotation;
Use good sentence structure:
this will save you time when you start to write the paper
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Organize the cards to coincide with the outline of your paper
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Write the term paper following this sequence
Use topical, concluding, and transitional sentences to link the information on the cards
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Keep a separate set of cards
with the complete information of books, magazines, films, etc. These will be used for entering footnotes and endnotes, and when compiling the bibliography
4. Organizing and pre-writing
rewriting exercises provide key words, meaning, and structure
to your research before you write your first draft, and may help you overcome “writers block.”
These exercises can help you
- Focus intellectually
and clear distractions while opening your mind to ideas within your subject
- Narrow and define topics for your paper
and begin the process of translating research into your own words.
- Develop logical or architectural structure to topics you have identified.
This provides a visual and verbal document for reaction, review, discussion, and/or further development in your rough draft. However, these exercises are dynamic or subject to change in the actual writing process as you understand, develop, and build your argument. Some topics will go, some will stay, some will be revised
- Provide a context for “project management”
to further define the topic, set timelines, identify gaps in information, etc.
Use one of these four processes,
free writing,
mind mapping,
brain storming, or
listing and outlines to both develop your topic and get started. Better yet, try them all to see which suits your style and/or the topic.
Four exercises in prewriting:
Focused Free writing
- Use a blank paper or computer screen and set a time limit of 5 – 15 minutes
- Summarize the topic in a phrase or sentence;
generate a free flow of thought
- Write anything that comes to mind, whether on topic or off, for the period of time you chose,
- Don’t pause, don’t stop.
don’t rush; work quickly
- Don’t review
what you have written until you have finished
- At the end of your time, refer back to the beginning:
Rephrase the initial topic
Repeat a word, phrase, or important thought or emotion that makes sense.
- Review:
are there words or ideas you can grab onto for the topic?
Is there a main idea to this sequence of ideas?
Listing and outlines
This is a more structured and sequential overview of your research to date. You may also outline to organize topics built from free writing, brainstorming, or mind mapping:
- Arrange items or topics, usually without punctuation or complete sentences
- List topics and phrases them in a grammatically similar or parallel structure (subjects, verbs, etc.)
- Sequence topics in importance,
defining what “level” of importance they are. Items of equal importance are at the same level
Example (using this web site):
Brainstorming:
- Use a blank paper or computer screen and set a time limit of 5 – 15 minutes
- Summarize the topic in a phrase or sentence;
generate a free flow of thought
- Write down everything that comes to mind to generate a free flow of thought:
- Think of ideas related to this topic, the crazier the better: be wild and amuse yourself; eliminate nothing
- Make up questions and answersabout the topic, no matter how strange: Why am I doing this? What could be interesting about this to me? Why don’t I like this? What color is it? What would my friend say about it?
- Review:
are there words or ideas you can grab onto for the topic?
Is there a main idea within this sequence of ideas?
Mind mapping
- Think in terms of key words or symbols that represent ideas and words
- Take a pencil (you’ll be erasing!) and a blank (non-lined) big piece of paper or use a blackboard and (colored) chalk
- Write down the most important word or short phrase or symbol in the center.
Think about it; circle it.
- Write other important words outside the circle.
Draw over-lapping circles to connect items, or use arrows to connect them
(think of linking pages in a web site)
Leave white space to grow your map for
- further development
- explanations
- action items
- Work quickly
without analyzing your work
- Edit this first phase
Think about the relation of outside items to the center,
Erase and replace and shorten words for these key ideas
Relocate important items closer to each other for better organization
Use color to organize information
Link concepts with words to clarify the relationship
- Continue working outward
Freely and quickly add other key words and ideas (you can always erase!)
Think weird: tape pages together to expand your map; break boundaries
Develop in directions the topic takes you–don’t bet limited by the size of the paper
As you expand your map, tend to become more specific or detailed.
